Allergic rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal passages. This inflammation is triggered by exposure to allergens like dust, mould, fungi, pollen, and animal fur. Insect bites, cigarette smoke, perfume, and car exhaust can be allergens too.
In response to allergens, the body produces allergic antibodies called Immunoglobulin E (IgE) as a defence mechanism. This immune reaction leads to the release of chemicals such as histamine in the body, resulting in the symptoms associated with allergic rhinitis.
Seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs during specific seasons. Allergens include pollen from trees, weeds, and grass.
Perennial allergic rhinitis occurs year-round. Allergens include dust mites, animal dander, cockroaches, moulds, or fungi.
Symptoms of Allergic Rhinitis in Children
Although allergic rhinitis can occur at any age, most people first experience symptoms when they are children or young adults.
While the term "rhinitis" specifically pertains to nasal symptoms, many children also experience symptoms affecting the eyes, throat, and ears. Their sleep may be disturbed too.
Symptoms of allergic rhinitis in children may include runny nose with watery, thin, and clear mucus, sneezing or blocked nose, nasal congestion, headache, itchy nose, throat, eyes, and ears, and postnasal drip, which is the feeling of mucus trickling down the back of the throat.
Perennial allergic rhinitis occurs throughout the year and is characterised by postnasal drip, persistent nasal congestion, and difficulty sleeping.
Risk Factors of Allergic Rhinitis in Children
Children who present with other allergic conditions like eczema, food allergy, and asthma, have an increased likelihood of experiencing allergic rhinitis. Approximately 80% of children diagnosed with asthma concurrently experience allergic rhinitis. Allergens frequently serve as a prevalent trigger for asthma attacks in these children. Children whose parents have allergies are also more susceptible to developing allergies.
Diagnosis of Allergic Rhinitis in Children
To diagnose allergic rhinitis in children, a comprehensive medical history and physical examination will be done by the doctor. An allergy test like a skin prick test may be required if the diagnosis is not apparent in some cases.
Treatments and Management for Allergic Rhinitis in Children
Treatment and management for allergic rhinitis may include the following:
Identifying and avoiding allergens
- Pollens: If your child is sensitive to specific weeds or trees outside the bedroom window, consider removing them and replacing them with low-allergen plants. Keep windows closed both at home and especially when in the car. If feasible, use recirculating air conditioning in the car.
- Pets: Allergic reactions to pets are not typically caused by their fur but by exposure to their dead skin, saliva, and urine. To minimise exposure, wash hands immediately after petting any animal. Keep pets outdoors as much as possible; if pets must be inside, avoid allowing them into bedrooms. Bathe pets at least once every two weeks. Groom dogs outside to reduce indoor allergens. Launder bedding and soft furnishings if the pet has been in contact with them.
- Moulds: They thrive in damp, musty conditions, and to prevent their growth, keep your home dry and well-ventilated. When cooking or using the bath/shower, keep internal doors closed to prevent the spread of moist air. Utilise extractor fans to improve ventilation. Refrain from drying clothes indoors or packing clothes and bedding too tightly in cupboards. Address dampness and condensation at home promptly.
Medications
Allergy medications such as oral antihistamine will be prescribed by the doctor.
Nasal sprays deliver antihistamines or steroids directly to the nasal passages. It should be only used for a short duration. However, steroid nasal sprays are usually not administered to children under two.
Eye drops may also be prescribed.
Immunotherapy may be prescribed for children with severe forms of allergic rhinitis who do not respond to other treatment options. This option may also be recommended for children with allergies and difficult-to-control asthma.
Allergic rhinitis is uncommon in children under 2 because they have limited exposure to environmental allergens. If a child exhibits symptoms such as a persistent runny nose, it is advisable to consult a doctor to explore potential alternative causes.
Make an Appointment at Gleneagles Hospitals
Early intervention and proper management of allergic rhinitis can significantly improve symptoms and the child's overall well-being.
Get in touch with us to find out more about our Paediatric Services at your nearest Gleneagles Hospital. A dedicated team of paediatricians is ready to provide medical assistance if your child has allergic rhinitis or other allergies.
